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Koryak

[Self-designation чав’чу, нымылгын] The Koryak live in the central and northern parts of Kamchatka and are composed of two groups. The Nymylan / Alyutor live on the coasts, where they mainly hunt marine mammals and fish. The Chavchuven, on the other hand, stay with their reindeer herds in the interior of the peninsula. For both groups, hunting land animals is also important, as well as gathering plants and berries for a balanced diet rich in vitamins. Living in different environments various groups developed their own worldviews and rituals as well as their equipment and tools to meet their needs. For this they make use of natural materials, which animals and plants of their given habitat provide to them.

© Erich Kasten, 2003

Worldview & Rituals

The Koryak see in the mythological figure of the raven (Kutkynniaku) the creator of the world, about whom and his family there is a rich oral tradition. Although shamans no longer exist among the Koryak since their persecution during the Soviet era, their former power still lives on in family memories. Through rituals at reconciliation festivals with nature, the Koryak emphasize their special relationship with the animal world, with which they must live in harmony. Every year, the Ololo Festival is held on the west coast, while on the east coast it is called Chololo. Through offerings at sacred sites, the Koryak connect with guardian spirits of specific places.

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11 Collection Items

Gathering Plants

At the beginning of summer, the Koryak embark on communal foraging trips to gather the first sprouting plants, including the highly prized wild garlic known as čeremša. During the height of summer and into late summer, they collect blueberries and lingonberries using special baskets sewn from birch bark. The soft inner tissue of the fireweed plant is scraped from the stems with special knives. Woven carrying bags are used to transport the harvested plants and berries. In late summer, they dig up the roots of tundra plants, using curved hoes made of horn or iron. They also locate winter stores of these roots – cached by mice – using a special probing stick.

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7 Collection Items

Fishing

Fishing motifs often feature in art. For fishing and sea hunting, the Koryak living on the coasts (Nymylan) used fur boats on the sea and dugout canoes for transportation on rivers. Capelin fishes are caught on the coast using special equipment and are processed for drying. They are mainly used to feed the dog teams in winter. In addition to fishing on the Lesnaya River, the narratives also address specific themes such as seasonal fishing practices, family-based fishing territories, rituals associated with fishing, responsible behavior, and the sustainable use of fish resources. Insights are also provided into fishing activities in northern Kamchatka, particularly in the area of Khailino.

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© Erich Kasten, 2002
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6 Collection Items

Hunting Marine And Land Animals

Seals and bearded seals provide vitamin-rich food under extreme climatic conditions. Their skins are used as valuable materials for leather straps and clothing. The snow sheep provides important supplementary food to the harvest from fishing and sea hunting. The horn is also sought after as a material for tools and artistic representations. Dog teams are an important means of transportation, especially for winter fur trapping. Seal hunting, bearded seal hunting, checking of sable traps, as well as the hunting of snow sheep and bear are shown.

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7 Collection Items

Reindeer Herding

Reindeer herding motifs often feature in art. Reindeer sleighs are an important means of transportation during the winter. Snowshoes and skis are adapted to the special conditions of the landscape. Reindeer herders need special equipment because of their mobility. Small objects were used for games for entertainment. Short films provide insight into reindeer herding among the Koryaks west of Tymlat (eastern central Kamchatka) and north of Khailino (northern Kamchatka).

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14 Collection Items

Clothing

Due to the often-extreme climatic conditions and winter temperatures, outerwear, hats and gloves are made from reindeer skins. Reindeer leg skins, which are particularly warm, and soles made from bearded sealskin or bearskin are used for winter boots. The furs are prepared using special scrapers. Special knives, needles and threads are used for cuts, appliqués and ornaments.

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32 Collection Items

Household items

Smaller storage baskets and bags are woven from grasses and parts of other plants or made from animal skins. Snow beaters are used to knock off snow so that it does not soak the clothes when it would thaw in the yurt. In the past, carved combs made from walrus tusk were also used. The drum is the most important instrument of the Koryak.

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8 Collection Items

Music and dance

The Koryak give free expression to their joyful emotions through dance and song. This is also a way of communicating with the powers of nature by imitating the sounds and movements of certain animals. As most of these songs have been handed down through families, they are used to express personal and group identities at feasts. The drum is the most important instrument, setting the rhythm for the dances and songs.

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1 Collection Item

Transport

Traditional means of transport such as dog sleds, reindeer sleds, dugout canoes, and skin boats are increasingly being replaced by motorized vehicles. Food is transported to remote settlements and reindeer camps by helicopters and tracked vehicles, on top of which there is always room for passengers. In winter, snowmobiles are used to transport small amounts of goods and people between settlements.

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6 Collection Items

Group by

Theme
Collection

Gathering plants

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Search stick

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Basket

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Scraping knife

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Scraping knife

Fishing

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Fish trap

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Wooden board with carvings

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Landing net

Hunting

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Seehund

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Seehund

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Snow sheep

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Dogs and sable

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Dog team

Reindeer herding

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Reindeer sledge

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Snowshoes

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Thongs

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Grindstone

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Knife set

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Engraved reindeer antlers

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Reindeer sledge

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Driving stick

Household items

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Snow beater

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Basket

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Basket

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Basket

Clothing

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Festive parka pendants

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Child's cap

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Child's cap

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Mittens

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Overall

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Mittens

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Scraper

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Festive parka pendants

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Festive parka

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Overall

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Scraper

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Rock fragment

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Festive parka

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Chisel

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Thimbles

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Needles and thimbles

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Needles and thimbles

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Needles and thimbles

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Tendons

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Festive parka

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Winter coat

Games